... Unity Studies 2014 Arab world class structure influential middle class stable middle class poor middle class civilizational transformations class formations class consciousness class relations Middle class transformations in the Arab World Ahmad Mousa Badawi* Freelance Social Science...

... achieved by European and other developed countries lies, in a large part, with the emergence and development of civil society at the hands of an enlightened middle class, or the so-called “bourgeoisie,” that led the French Revolution of 1789, and major changes in Europe and the world. Such civil society...

...-revolutionary years is tantamount to an act of blasphemy to any committed Arab nationalist! However, in all fairness, the author does acknowledge the accomplishments of the revolution. Yet, such accomplishments as the enlargement of the middle class and its empowerment provoke his nostalgia. In his youth...

... of the agreement argue that the maintenance of the Ta’if agreement, rather than realizing peace in a divided society, serves the interests of a class of politicians, defined by Baumann (2012) as a “new contractor bourgeoisie,” that takes advantage of sectarianism to develop patron–clients relations and exploit...

...-1970s, were: . the active religious affiliation of the new generation of Saudis to the organization as activists; persons who would be later known as the new middle class, and in stark contrast with the previous stage in which the religious society was com- posed of traditional groups...

...-2003 transitional phase, together with the inef- fectiveness of the rule of law and lack of oversight, transparency and accountability for those entrusted with its resources and wealth, i.e., the political classes. Thus, the following problematic can be posited. What are the repercussions...

...) divided societal combinations into groups that support political legitimacy, such as the middle class and workers, rich and influential people, and clerics, who speak on behalf of authority and usually oppose any move toward political openness ( Sorensen 2007 ). Identity can be a source of social...

... million by 1970 (Chalcraft 2010, pp. 11 12). The vast majority of migrants around 80% were from neighbouring Arab countries, a predictable development 520 O.H. AlShehabi given the inherent geographic, cultural and familial links. This influx of Arab migrants coincided with the formation of class...

... security apparatuses and/or a similar role to the military. According to Hinnebusch (2006, 380), Middle East regimes took the form of Populist authoritarianism (PA), when an alliance between the middle classes and peasants developed as a result of the struggle against old oligarchies. Such revolutions...

..., it is found that most of the spiritual forefathers among the symbols of traditional Salafism came from the official religious institution. They ranged from the stable middle class who were influential due to their various relationships with the central ruling class. They were closer to being...

... with the class of big landlords, the neo-colonial capitalist hegemonies in the region. The new small bour- geoisie was promoted inside the state apparatus after the different military coups d état and following the socialist measures for social changes adopted in the revolutionary course. This newly created...

... s account (Sharabi 1988), the state in the Arab world is therefore the embodiment of the collective father. When the dominant paradigm pays attention to society, it is the middle class and elite groups that are the first concern. They represent the only entrusted social groups, which...

... level, dividing all of society from top to bottom, across social classes and strata. Those who ascribe to them regard them as existential battles. Their severity increases if the identity conflict becomes entangled with economic and political considerations. An example would be if the ethnic group...

... an emerging urban middle class, the working class and the peasantry, at the expense of the old oligarchy. Egypt and Algeria are no exceptions. In Egypt, the army was at the core of the modernization efforts undertaken by the state. Both government expenditures and bureaucracies increased after...

... said, “The current will carry all the boats upstream” ( Schäfer 2010 , 13). There are other indicators in the liberal German economy including the writings of Markus Grabka, in which he foresees a steady depreciation for the middle class and a disturbing rise in unemployment rates in Germany...

... research and creates many challenging questions, including the following: Impossible tyranny means the hindrance of public freedoms, popular participation, and reform programs, on the one hand, and the manifestation of corruption, impoverishment, and class inequality, on the other. In impossible...

... such judgments, but it does not rele- gate them outside the Muslim nation (Gellner 1970). What does segmentarity mean? The main concern of this general theoretical introduction has been to explain the nature of the relationship between society and the class of the educated/scholars, or, in other words, between...

... the Brotherhood’s ambiguous position toward women and minorities is organizational cohesion. The Brotherhood is not a monolithic movement; rather, it is an intricate and diverse group with many members belonging to different social strata, particularly the low and lower-middle classes. Over the past two decades...

... founders nor in response to social class reality. Indeed, the class origins of Palestinian leftist leaders are not different from leftist leaders in other countries, especially in Third World countries. They come from the petty bourgeoisie or, in more modern terms, from middle-class back- grounds. Members...

... Democratic Front Party); and the Shaba b al-Wata n y ah li-l-Taghy r (National Youth for Change), joined by other political groups or the revolution s newcomers from various classes and factions. Thus, there is no doubt about the massive and deep impact of the forceful Egyptian revolutionary influence...