... be narrowing between some social classes, but it is widening among the poorer classes. This paper will focus on indicators of imbalance in the distribution policies in some Arab countries, selecting those where popular movements have taken place. Some claim that one of the main causes of these movements...

... led by Gamal Abdel Nasser and the events of 2011, it traces the developments and changing political and strategic trajectories of the three presidents Nasser, Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak. The case of Egypt is examined here as ‘an instance of a class of events’ focusing on phenomena related...

... and probably are more concerned with basic issues of daily life and more sensitive to Western concepts of modernity. The significance of this data is, however, that gathered during the Arab Spring, they were based on reactions to material covered in a class which related to issues raised by the Arab...

... Unity Studies 2014 Arab world class structure influential middle class stable middle class poor middle class civilizational transformations class formations class consciousness class relations Middle class transformations in the Arab World Ahmad Mousa Badawi* Freelance Social Science...

..., it is a relation of production, and therefore a class relation appertaining to a specific historical period, say, of capitalism. Because of this fundamental difference, Hegel and Marx have different conceptions of social reality: for Hegel, it is a spiritual whole; and for Marx, it is the “totality of social...

.... It is actually much more than that since it has its roots in production and relations of production ( Al-Hafez 2005 , 1222). Therefore, just as fragmentation and division of the Arab homeland had class and socioeconomic content, the unity project had to entail a counter-class content. This is why Nasser’s great...

... discrimination. It also means “liberation from the constraints of quotas, class, and administrative and political corruption.” It means the rule of the people by the people for the people—in the words of Abraham Lincoln (1861–65) who tried to reform the status of “slaves” in American society, restore the states...

... not only future development and economic progress but also social stability and security. To overcome this dilemma, one must depart from the narrow and class-related economic view of social, political and economic issues, and from the impact of such class-related variables on the general condition of both...

... printed in 1949, when studying youth gangs in the city of Chicago. He found that young men from poor areas were often frustrated because they could not compete in the social status systems belonging to middle-class institutions. Hence, they rejected prevailing norms, replacing them with those they could...

... of the agreement argue that the maintenance of the Ta’if agreement, rather than realizing peace in a divided society, serves the interests of a class of politicians, defined by Baumann (2012) as a “new contractor bourgeoisie,” that takes advantage of sectarianism to develop patron–clients relations and exploit...

...Jamal Wakim This article argues that the Lebanese Civil War (1975–90) was in essence a terror of state directed by mercantile economic and political elites (the comprador class) controlling the Lebanese state and society against the middle and poorer classes (the working class). The aim...

... to the current situation. In particular, he argues that intellectual production was the result of the alliance of ulemas (scholars) and the merchant class, whereas the decline occurred when the alliance shifted to an alliance between ulemas and the state. Other authors prefer a linear or single causal...

...–society relations in a way that satisfies all its citizenry. In fact, the ideological and cultural tensions may become conflated if these tensions are coupled with economic and class tensions to which patterns of HE development in the Qatar and the UAE contribute. Despite the ostentatious wealth...

... by how far those characteristics are met. For example, the change from capitalist to socialist values, regardless of whether the values are dictated coercively or embraced voluntarily, determines changes in the social structure and an alteration of class relations of power and stratification in politics...

... and populist circles would not find such remarks surprising. In the nineteenth century the idea of building a wall separating American states that allowed slavery and the “free states” who did not was seriously discussed and considered. In fact, the concepts of “race,” “class,” “religion,” and “color” do...

... of the social contract forged in the post-independence period, which was marked by state-led development and high social mobility and a prominent role for the middle class. Neoliberal ‘reforms’ dictated by economic crisis and pressures from transnational capital as well international financial institutions led...

... Quranic studies; Islamic doctrine; history; and philosophy. No course is directly related to the social sciences, except for history. This class was investigated (content analysis of material as well as an interview with the instructor), in addition to the three other classes on offer and of relevance...

... of adultery and who was the wife of Abi Sufyan, the Prophet’s archrival from the ruling class of Quraysh. Cheikh considers that the pagan–Islamic discourse about Hind is an “intentional construction” (19) employed to eliminate the pre-Islamic order and give legitimacy to Islamic rule; the Islamic rule which...

... divided according to class categories of urban versus Bedouin, and regional division between Hijazis and Najdis in Saudi Arabia ( Al-Mutairi 2011 ). As consolidated identity is supposed to be a bulwark against the marginalization of any class or group in the community and where fragmented societies...

... combined factors: substantial economic interests, a long-time legitimacy buttressed by the army’s active involvement in welfare and development initiatives, and the reliance on universal conscription as the main avenue for the successful accommodation of class and social cleavages—key elements underpinning...