... mastered the Hardy-Weinbergconcept and gained competence in calculatingalternateallele frequencies, they begin asking for methods to determine allelic frequencies when series of multiple alleles for a gene locus exist. This paper presents a novel shortcut algorithm for solving problems related to multiple...

...Andrea D. Plunkett; Lev Y. Yampolsky We propose an experimental model suitable for demonstrating allele frequency change in Drosophila melanogaster populations caused by selection against an easily scorable conditional lethal, namely recessive flightless alleles such as apterous and vestigial...

... baggage. We also introduce interactive applets that draw on the distributive property of mathematics to allow students to experiment in real time. With the applets, students can observe the effects of changing allele frequencies on genotype frequencies in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium...

...Keith W. Pecor Genetic drift is an important mechanism in microevolution, but it can be more challenging to understand than other mechanisms (e.g., natural selection). This group project allows students to simulate random changes in allelic frequencies over generational time using a few simple...

... of calculations are required for proper application. Third, the principle, assumptions, and calculations are often taught separately from students observing population changes over time. We describe a classroom activity in which students investigate how the allele frequencies of soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria...

...) and track changes in phenotypes to changes in allele frequencies. © 2018 National Association of Biology Teachers. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press's Reprints and Permissions web page...

...Michael S. Brewer; Grant E. Gardner Teaching population genetics provides a bridge between genetics and evolution by using examples of the mechanisms that underlie changes in allele frequencies over time. Existing methods of teaching these concepts often rely on computer simulations or hand...

... of alleles) do not change (they remain at “equilibrium”), but in the absence of these conditions the frequencies do change. Definition: A population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if the genotype frequencies and allele frequencies are the same in each generation at birth. Consider the simplest...

.... Allele and genotype frequencies in populations change over time when some members of a population have increased reproductive success due to an inherited trait. 4. Allele and genotype frequencies in infinite populations do not change over time if certain things do not occur (mutation, random mating...

... in the equation, and convert genotypic frequencies to allelic frequencies, but by assuming that both populations are in HWE, the problem is not representative of a challenge a researcher would naturally encounter. In our alternative example, we provide a sample population for students to test, and we do...

... the H-W genotype equilibriumoccurs. Indeed, many students assume that all populations are automaticallyat H-W equilibriumfor both allele and genotype frequencies. This error is frequently compounded by the use of the binomial expansion (p + q)2 = 1 to calculatethe frequencies of unknown genotypes...

... Whitfield, 2003 ). Descriptions of such real-life cases of observable population changes pique the interest of students, readying them for further work. The activity we describe allows students to see how an evolutionary factor can directly contribute to observable changes in the allele frequencies...

...) are the allele frequencies in populations A and B at the previous generation, and QA(I) is the allele frequency in the current generation. The variable M represents the rate of migration,or proportionof migrants, frompopulation B into populationA and 1 M is the proportion of population A natives in the hybrid...

... of its effects on allele frequencies in a population is not easy. The significanceof genetic drift to evolution and population genetics is often lost on students because definitions and descriptions of genetic drift and mere statementsof its importance fail to carry the impact of a concrete example. Even...

... in highly developed countries, like the United States and Sweden (Solomon et al. 1993). Card lab also demonstrates the effects of migration, mutation and selection on the allelic frequency and diversity of a population. Card lab may stand alone or supplement "bead labs" and computer simulations, which offer...

...@etsu.edu . © 2010 by National Association of Biology Teachers 2010 The advantage of this model over many others is that students get to observe dynamic changes within the population. For example, allele frequency changes are shown not only as a value or graph but also as individual phenotypes...

.... Figure 4. Students examine samples from a population from three points in time. They first calculate the relative frequency of pea shape and then calculate the relative frequency of alleles. The blue circles distinguish which of the round peas are heterozygous peas. In the final part...

... for implementation of this exercise and demonstrate through assessment data that students have improved understanding of these equations after its application. The allele frequency of two alleles at one locus for a monogenic Mendelian trait in the focal population is p  +  q  = 1, where p is the frequency...

... the effectof predation on allele frequencies,examinethe assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg law and consider whether the "need to survive"is a guiding forcein evolution. Conducting the Exercise Students conduct one of three simulations, which differby the environment used, the traitunder selectionor...