We are wired with the drive to stay alive – with a system that makes it pleasurable for us to eat, to seek shelter, and to reproduce. The problem is that addictive substances can subvert these same processes that were intended to keep us alive and to ensure species survival. This column is the first in a series that will explore the neuroscientific bases of addiction. As a basis for understanding addiction, this article focuses on the brain’s reward system, also known as the pleasure center or motivation system, which is the foundation for life-maintaining but also addictive behaviors. Subsequent articles will explore the influence of genetics, learning, risk and protective factors, stress, and specific neurotransmitters, such as glutamate.

As we know, the “reward system” includes key areas or centers, connecting tracts, and several key neurotransmitters. The main areas are the ventral tegmental area (VTA) located in the mid-brain just...

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